The protection of unborn life is of utmost importance and must be taken into account, among other things, in the toxicological evaluation of chemical substances or drugs.
Since the processes involved in female and male fertility and in embryonic and fetal development are very complex and in part not yet fully understood, the development of non-animal methods has not yet progressed very far.
But nevertheless there are already some (partly validated) methods to study single developmental stages with non-animal methods and intensive research is ongoing to develop further ones.

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